highschool/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Unit_4_Physics_Study_Sheet.md

Unit 4: Physics

SCIENCE — WORD WALL

Term	Definition
Static Electricity	an imbalance of electric charge on the surface of an object
Electron	a negatively charged particle in an atom
Proton	a positively charged particle in the atom’s nucleus
Electric charge	a form of charge, either positive or negative, that exerts an electric force
Neutral charge	an object that has equal numbers of protons and electrons
Negatively charged object	an object that has more electrons than protons
Positively charged object	an object that has fewer electrons than protons
Electric force	the force exerted by an object with an electric charge; can be a force of attraction or a force of repulsion
Induced charge separation	a shift in the position of electrons in a neutral object that occurs when a charged object is brought near it
Charging by friction	the transfer of electrons between two neutral objects (made from different materials) that occurs when they are rubbed together or come in contact (touch)
Electrostatic series	a list of materials arranged in order of their tendency to gain electrons
Charging by conduction	charging an object by contact with a charged object
Grounding	connecting an object to a large body, like Earth, that is capable of effectively removing an electric charge that the object might have
Conductor	a material that lets electrons move easily through it
Insulator	a material that does not easily allow the movement of electrons through it
Charging by induction	charging a neutral object by bringing another charged object close to, but not touching, the neutral object
Electric discharge	the rapid transfer of electric charge from one object to another
Lightning	a bolt of electricity from sky :D
Current electricity	the controlled flow of electrons through a conductor
Electric circuit	a continuous path in which electrons can flow
Switch	a device in an electric circuit that controls the flow of electrons by opening (or closing) the circuit
Load	the part of an electric circuit that converts electrical energy into other forms of energy
Electrical energy	the energy provided by the flow of electrons in an electric circuit
Electric cell	a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Fuel cell	?
Direct current (DC)	a flow of electrons in one direction through an electric circuit
Alternating current (AC)	a flow of electrons that alternates in direction in an electric circuit
Electrical power	the rate at which electrical energy is produced or used
Kilowatt-Hour	the SI unit for measuring electrical energy usage; the use of one kilowatt of power for one hour
Efficiency	comparison of the energy output of a device with the energy supplied
Circuit	a way of drawing an electric circuit using standard symbols
Series circuit	a circuit in which the loads are connected end to end so that there is only one path for the electrons to flow
Parallel circuit	a circuit in which the loads are connected in branches so that there are two or more paths for electrons to flow
Potential difference (voltage)	the difference in electrical potential energy per unit charge measured at two different points; measured in volts
Voltmeter	a device used to measure potential difference (voltage)
Electrical resistance	the ability of a material to oppose the flow of electric current; measured in ohms
Ohmmeter	a device used to measure resistance
Resistor	a device that reduces the flow of electric current
Ohm’s law	the straight line relationship between voltage and current; R = V/I

Static Electricity

• Static Charges: An unequal number of individual electric charges on the surface of an object.

• Basically, the charges are nearly fixed on the surface of an object.

• An object is:

Charge	Condition
Positively Charged	When number of electrons are less than the number of protons
Neutrally Charged	When the number of electrons are the same as the number of protons
Negatively Charged	When the number of electrons are more than the number of protons

• Charge is basically the difference between the amount of protons and electrons, the greater the difference, the greater the charge.
• A greater charge between objects is determined by the amount of difference between the protons and electrons in each of the objects. The one with more difference has a greater charge.

Charging By Friction

• When 2 objects of different materials rub against one another, the electrons moves between the objects, one loses electrons and the other gains electrons.
• The object that gains electrons becomes negatively charged, and the other becomes positevely charged.

Triboelectric Series / Electrostatic Series

• Different materials have different abilities to hold onto electrons
• Triboelectric Series: A list of material that is arranged according to their ability to hold on to electrons.

Table Of Tribolecetric Series Of Common Materials